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Submitted by
Assigned_Reviewer_3
Q1: Comments to author(s).
First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following
criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed
reviewing guidelines, see
http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
The paper studies the problem of identifying Gaussians
in a mixture in high dimensions when the separation between the Gaussians
is small. The assumption is that the Gaussians are separated along few
dimensions and hence by identifying these dimensions, that is, feature
selection, the curse of dimensionality can be bitten and the Gaussians can
be found.
Clustering in high dimension is an open problem that
well deserve a study. The theoretical approach taken by the authors is
good step in the path towards better understanding the problem. However, I
have two reservations about this work. In Line 36, the authors say “there
appears to be no theoretical results justifying the advantage of variable
selection in high dimension setting”. As far as I understand, K. Chaudhuri
and S. Rao, ("Learning Mixtures of Product Distributions using
Correlations and Independence", In Proc. of Conf. on Learning Theory,
2008) tried to address similar problem of learning mixture models in high
dimension under the assumption that the separation between the components
is in a small, axis aligned space. While the results there are different
then the results here, I was missing a comparison between the results.
In their response to the original review, the authors have
addressed the differences between the current work and the work of
Chaudhuri and Rao. I am confident that the work here contains novel
results that should be published. However, I think that more careful
thought needs to be given to presenting the novelty and contrasting it
with the state of the art. The main message of the authors in their
response is “these methods [the methods of Chaudhuri and Rao] do not
explicitly provide variable selection guarantees, i.e. the methods are not
guaranteed to correctly identify the relevant features.” However, in the
paper, the authors present as the main result “In this paper, we provide
precise information theoretic bounds on the clustering accuracy and sample
complexity of learning a mixture of two isotropic Gaussians”. Therefore,
the main goal is the accuracy of the separation as opposed to
identification of relevant features. Therefore, I find the main
contribution of this paper to be vague. Since I believe that this paper
contains significant results, I think that the authors should reconsider
the presentation to make a clear statement about the objectives and the
contribution.
I also had some problems following the proof of
Theorem 2 but the authors clarified it in their response.
Comments:
1. Theorem 4: The term \frac{d-1}{4}+1 could be
simplified to \frac{d+3}{4} 2. Lemma 1: I believe you could improve
the bound on M to $2^{7m/16}$ by a simple covering argument: $\Omega$ is
of size $2^m$. Every $\omega_i$ “covers” a ball of size $m/8$. A ball of
size $m/8$ contains $\sum_{i\leq m/8} \choose{m}{i}$ points from $\Omega$
which can be bounded (Sauer’s Lemma) by (8e)^{m/8} which is bounded by
2^{9m/16}. Therefore, if we choose $M=2^{7m/16}$ we have that M balls of
radius $m/8$ do not cover $\Omega$ and hence there is a $m/8$ packing
(which is what you are looking for) of size $M$. (This is not a major
issue and you may decide to ignore it in favor of the simplicity of the
statement).
3. Lemma 2: The bound on M here is stated with
logarithms while the bound in Lemma 1 does not use logarithms which makes
it harder to follow.
4. Proposition 3: what are $\phi$ and $\Phi$?
5. Proof of Theorem 2, line 275: What is $\theta_\nu$, where is it
introduced? 6. Proof of Theorem 2, line 279: It is not clear why on
the r.h.s. there is $\frac{\sqrt{d-1}\espilom}{\lambda}$. Using the term
for the cosine of \beta and since $sin(\beta) = \sqrt{1-cos^2(\beta)$ I
get that $sin(\beta) = \frac{2\rho\epsilon^2}{\lambda^2} \geq
\frac{2(d-1)\epsilon^2}{\lambda^2}$ and this $tan{\beta} \leq
\frac{4(d-1)\epsilon^2}{\lambda^2}$
8. Line 466: you use full
names for all references but Tsybakov’s paper.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2
sentences
The paper studies lower and upper bounds for Gaussian
mixture separation in high dimension under sparsity assumptions. The
results are interesting but import reference is missing which leaves it to
the reader to understand the novelty of the result.
Submitted by
Assigned_Reviewer_5
Q1: Comments to author(s).
First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following
criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed
reviewing guidelines, see
http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
The paper provides minimax lower bounds for the
mixture of mean-separated isotropic gaussians in standard and high
dimensional setting. To handle the high-dimensional case the authors
propose to enforce 'sparse' mean separation - where sparsity is enforced
on the difference of the two mean vectors. Furthermore simple spectral
methods for model-based clustering along with sample complexity results
are provided.
The proof for the non-sparse upper bound is straight
forward - 118-120 is the main thing of interest which is out-sourced to
existing results - I guess it would directly extend to any isotropic
mixtures too. I would be surprised if no minimax lower bounds existed in
the multivariate gaussian case in the standard setting - perhaps some
relevant results exist in the statistics literature ?
For the
sparse setting - I am inclined to agree with the authors that the more
natural method of projecting onto the first sparse principal component
would lead to closing the gap. I wonder why the authors did not analyze
this directly method as a start ?
The proofs are mostly clear and
uses standard tools/tricks. The assumption that a particular feature is
irrelevant if the corresponding mean components are similar seems
artificial. Can the authors provide some motivation for this ?
minor: I feel the authors could really remove the redundant
sections 4 and 5 from the main paper. Q2: Please
summarize your review in 1-2 sentences
The paper discusses minimax theory for the mixture of
mean-separated isotropic gaussians in standard and high dimensional
setting. Submitted by
Assigned_Reviewer_6
Q1: Comments to author(s).
First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following
criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed
reviewing guidelines, see
http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
The authors study the problem of clustering from a
statistical minimax point of view. The goal is to define a rule
that assigns each example to one of two classes given, based on a
training sample drawn from a mixture of two Gaussian distributions
with different means. The mixture weights are assumed known and
equal to 1/2, the covariance matrix of the Gaussians is assumed
proportional to the identity matrix. The case of high-dimensionality
is investigated and matching (up to a log factor) upper and lower
bounds on the rate of separation between two means are
established.
The second contribution of the paper concerns the
minimax rates of clustering under the sparsity assumption. Here,
the rates of clustering are better than those of previous setting
provided that the square of the sparsity is smaller than the
dimension. There is a gap between the lower bound and the upper
bound of separation: they differ by a factor s^(1/4).
Nevertheless, I find this result very interesting and the proof of
it is far from being trivial.
I have a few recommendations for
improving the presentation. 1. It should be mentioned in the
introduction that the weights of the mixtures are assumed fixed and
equal to 1/2. 2. It is remarkable that the procedures considered
in sections 3.1 and 3.2 do not depend on sigma. I think that this
should be stressed in these sections. 3. Since this is a first step in
a minimax study of the clustering, I feel that the condition of known
weights is acceptable. But as far as I understand putting these
weights equal to 1/2 is not important. I strongly recommend to add
this remark along with the modification of the procedure necessary for
covering this case. (I guess that the knowledge of sigma becomes
important in this case.)
Typo: It seems that something is missing
in the sentence "The latter ..." on line 097.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2
sentences
The paper is very clearly written. Most results are
sharp and improves the state of the art in the statistical analysis
of clustering methods.
Q1:Author
rebuttal: Please respond to any concerns raised in the reviews. There are
no constraints on how you want to argue your case, except for the fact
that your text should be limited to a maximum of 6000 characters. Note
however that reviewers and area chairs are very busy and may not read long
vague rebuttals. It is in your own interest to be concise and to the
point.
We thank the reviewers for their comments. Below are
our detailed replies.
Assigned_Reviewer_3
Thanks for
pointing us to Chaudhuri and Rao COLT 2008 paper, we will add a reference
to it. This paper, as well as Brubaker and Vempala 2008 (which we cite),
demonstrate that the required mean separation depends on the variance
along the direction/subspace separating the component means. However,
these methods do not explicitly provide variable selection guarantees,
i.e. the methods are not guaranteed to correctly identify the relevant
features. Moreover, these papers are concerned with computational
efficiency and do not give precise, statistical minimax upper and lower
bounds. Specifically, the sample complexity bounds are suboptimal (both
papers state that the number of samples is polynomial, however the exact
dependence behaves like poly(d) instead of s log(d) or s^2 log(d) as in
our results, where s is the number of relevant features). These papers
also do not capture how the mean separation can shrink with increasing
number of samples since they consider a different error metric – the
probability of misclustering a point by their method, as opposed to our
metric which considers the probability of misclutering a point by our
method relative to the probability of misclustering by an oracle that
knows the correct distribution. We mention all these differences with
existing work in the related work section on page 2.
We agree that
the form of the bound we use favors simplicity over tightness in the
constants. We hope it's OK to leave the bound as is, but we will add a
remark that it can be tightened.
phi and Phi refer to the
univariate standard normal density and distribution functions, as defined
in section 2. We will move the definition to section 4 in the revision for
clarity.
$\theta_\nu$ is defined for $\nu \in \Omega$. We will
clarify this.
Proof of Theorem 2, lines 279 and 281 - Essentially
the bound is a consequence of the fact that cos(x)\approx 1-x^2 (up to
constants), while sin(x)\approx tan(x) \approx x for small x. Stated
differently, tan(x)=sqrt(1-cos(x)) * sqrt(1+cos(x)) / cos(x) = const *
sqrt(1- cos(x)). We will expand the derivation in the revision to clarify.
Thanks for the other suggested improvements - we will address
these in the final version.
Assigned_Reviewer_5
Learning Gaussian mixtures is a parametric problem, and hence from
a statistical point of view standard parametric results for the error
rates apply. However, existing results in statistics literature assume the
mean separation is a constant and do not track dependence on it. For our
purposes it was important to characterize the exact dependence on the mean
separation. Also, these papers mostly analyze the maximum likelihood
estimator that is computationally infeasible in high dimensions, and we
wanted to present an efficient estimator.
For the same reason of
computational feasibility, we did not analyze the combinatorial sparse SVD
estimator for the sparse setting. To the best of our knowledge all current
attempts at developing computationally efficient (i.e. polynomial time)
algorithms for sparse SVD do not guarantee a better rate than that of the
simple scheme we use in the paper. Nevertheless, we agree that
demonstrating that the statistical gap can be closed by employing existing
computationally inefficient methods is interesting and we are currently
working on it, but time and space constraints did not allow us to address
this question in our submission.
Assuming a mixture of spherical
Gaussians, the relative likelihood that a given point was drawn from any
particular component is constant with respect to any dimension where the
means of each component are identical. In other words, the "optimal"
clustering (in terms of the clustering error we use) does not depend on
such directions. The underlying intuition is similar to the notion of
irrelevance used in Witten and Tibshirani (2010) and Sun, Wang, and Fang
(2012) for the purposes of feature selection.
While detailed
proofs are provided in the appendix, we believe that the proof sketches in
Sections 4 and 5 are important to provide the reader with an overview of
the tools used and keep the paper self-contained.
Assigned_Reviewer_6
As the reviewer points out, the
extension to unequal weights should be straight-forward and it will indeed
be interesting to see if that case requires knowing the noise variance
sigma. We will address this in a revised appendix.
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