Context:
ly
 launch
ed
 the
 Apollo
 program
.
 
Based
 on
 studies
 to
 grow
 the
 Mercury
 space
craft
 cap
abilities
 to
 long
-
duration
 
flights
,
 

developing
 space
 rendez
vous
 techniques
,
 and
 
precision
 Earth
 
landing
,
 Project
 Ge
mini
 was
 
started
 as
 
a
 two
-
man
 program
 in

 1962
 to
 over
com
e
 the
 
Soviet
s
'
 lead
 and
 to
 support
 the
 Apollo
 program
,
 
adding
 extra
vehicul
ar
 activity
 (
EVA
)
 and
 do
cking

 to
 its
 
objective
s
.
 The
 first
 mann
ed
 Ge
mini
 flight
,
 Ge
mini
 3,
 was
 flow
n
 by
 Gus
 Gris
som
 and
 John
 Young
 on
 March
 23,
 1965
.

 Nine
 
missions
 follow
ed
 in
 1965
 and
 1966
,
 demonstrat
ing
 an
 endur
ance
 mission
 of
 near
ly
 four
teen
 days
,
 rendez
vous
,
 do

cking
,
 and
 
practical
 EVA
,
 and
 
gather
ing
 medical
 data
 on
 the
 effects
 of
 weight
lessness
 on
 human
s
.
 Under
 the
 direction
 of
 

Soviet
 Premier
 Ni
kita
 Kh
rush
chev
,
 the
 U
SSR
 compete
d
 with
 Ge
mini
 by
 convert
ing
 
their
 Vos
tok
 space
craft
 into
 
a
 two
-
 or

 three
-
man
 Vos
kho
d
.
 
They
 suc
ceeded
 in
 launch
ing
 two
 mann
ed
 
flights
 before
 Ge
mini
'
s
 first
 flight
,
 achiev
ing
 
a
 three
-
cos

mona
ut
 flight
 in
 1963
 and
 the
 first
 EVA
 in
 1964
.
 After
 this
,
 the
 program
 was
 then
 cancel
ed
,
 and
 Ge
mini
 c
aught
 up
 
while

 space
craft
 designer
 Serge
i
 Kor
olev
 
developed
 the
 Soy
uz
 space
craft
,
 
their
 answer
 to
 Apollo
.
 The
 Apollo
 program
 was
 one

 of
 the
 most
 
expensive
 American
 scientific
 programs
 ever
.
 It
 is
 
e
stimated
 to
 have
 cost
 
$200
 billion
 in
 present
-
day
 US
 

dollars
.
 (
In
 
comparison
,
 the
 Manhattan
 Project
 cost
 
rough
ly
 $2
5.5
 billion
,
 
accounting
 for
 
inflation
.
)
 It
 used
 the
 Saturn

 
rocket
s
 as
 launch
 
vehicles
,
 
which
 were
 far
 b
igger
 than
 the
 
rocket
s
 
built
 for
 previous
 projects
.
 The
 space
craft
 was
 also

 b
igger
;
 it
 had
 two
 main
 parts
,
 the
 combin
ed
 command
 and
 service
 module
 (
C
SM
)
 and
 the
 
lunar
 
landing
 module
 (
LM
).
 The
 LM

 was
 to
 be
 left
 on
 the
 Moon
 and
 only
 the
 command
 module
 (
CM
)
 
containing
 the
 three
 astronaut
s
 
would
 eventu
ally
 return
 to

 Earth
.
 The
 first
 person
 to
 stand
 on
 the
 Moon
 was
 
Neil
 
Armstrong
,
 who
 was
 follow
ed
 by
 Buzz
 Ald
rin
 
while
 Michael
 Collins

 orbit
ed
 above
.
 Five
 sub
sequent
 Apollo
 
missions
 also
 land
ed
 astronaut
s
 on
 the
 Moon
,
 the
 last
 in
 December
 1972
.
 
Through

out
 
these
 six
 Apollo
 space
flights
,
 tw
elve
 men
 walk
ed
 on
 the
 Moon
.
 
These
 

Input:
longer
 perform
 some
 
calculation
s
 than
 the
y
 are
 
worth
 
-
 by
 the
 time
 you
 have
 the
 answer
 you
'
re
 past
 the
 point
 you
 needed

 them
.
 Six
 Vos
tok
 
each
 c
arried
 one
 person
 to
 orbit
.
 The
 first
 flight
 c
arried
 the
 first
 man
 and
 the
 last
 flight
 c
arried

 the
 first
 woman
 into
 space
.
 Six
 Mercury
 
flights
 
each
 c
arried
 one
 American
 astronaut
 into
 space
,
 four
 of
 
these
 into

 orbit
.
 
Although
 the
 
vehicles
 had
 no
 computers
,
 the
y
 were
 
supported
 by
 IBM
 701
 computers
 on
 the
 ground
 (
offline
 and
 not

 real
-
time
 control
).
 Vos
kho
d
 fle
w
 two
 un
mann
ed
 and
 two
 mann
ed
 
flights
.
 The
 first
 mann
ed
 flight
 c
arried
 three
 cosm
ona
uts
.

 The
 second
 mann
ed
 flight
 c
arried
 two
 cosm
ona
uts
 for
 the
 first
 space
walk
.
 Non
e
 of
 
these
 
flights
 had
 
a
 precis
e
 target

 location
,
 
either
 in
 space
 (
no
 rendez
vous
 with
 
a
 space
 station
,
 
lunar
 module
,
 or
 
satellite
)
 or
 at
 re
-
entry
 (
no
 
runway
 or

 
landing
 pad
).
 As
 long
 as
 you
 land
ed
 some
where
 in
 
Siberi
a
 or
 the
 Pacific
,
 an
 
entire
 
army
 or
 flee
t
 of
 
ships
 
would
 find

 you
.
 Ascen
t
 
-
 
serves
 as
 
a
 
backup
 
g
uidance
 system
.
 The
 switch
over
 is
 manual
ly
 
controlled
 by
 the
 astronaut
s
.
 
Rendez
vous
 
-

 
serves
 as
 
primary
 reference
 by
 provid
ing
 
g
uidance
 information
 to
 the
 astronaut
s
.
 The
 orbit
 
parameters
 are
 determin
ed
 by

 the
 ground
 
tracking
 
which
 are
 then
 sent
 to
 the
 space
craft
;
 the
 
g
uidance
 computer
 was
 
responsible
 for
 processing
 the

 information
 
along
 with
 sense
d
 space
craft
 
attitude
.
 The
 information
 was
 
presented
 to
 the
 astronaut
s
 in
 terms
 of
 space

craft
 
coordinates
.
 Re
entry
 
-
 
feeds
 command
s
 direct
ly
 to
 the
 re
entry
 control
 system
 for
 automatic
 re
entry
 or
 provide
s
 the

 
g
uidance
 information
 to
 the
 astronaut
s
 for
 manual
 re
entry
.
 Ge
mini
 had
 
a
 radar
 system
,
 
which
 
essential
ly
 
needs
 
a

 computer
 to
 be
 
useful
.
 This
 was
 used
 to
 practice
 rendez
vous
 and
 do
cking
,
 
which
 
would
 be
 needed
 in
 the
 Apollo
 
missions
 

between
 the
 C
SM
 and
 the
 
LEM
.
 Apollo

Targets:
 also Idx: 1607, Δloglikelihood: -0.452
 used Idx: 4165, Δloglikelihood: 0.506
 radar Idx: 80722, Δloglikelihood: 0.182
 to Idx: 288, Δloglikelihood: 0.119
 measure Idx: 27264, Δloglikelihood: -0.434
 the Idx: 287, Δloglikelihood: -0.168
 distance Idx: 23482, Δloglikelihood: -0.220
 to Idx: 288, Δloglikelihood: 0.043
 the Idx: 287, Δloglikelihood: 0.181
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: -0.361
lunar Idx: 109156, Δloglikelihood: 2.226
 surface Idx: 17706, Δloglikelihood: 0.374
; Idx: 296, Δloglikelihood: -0.183
 other Idx: 1904, Δloglikelihood: 0.385
wise Idx: 20672, Δloglikelihood: 0.174
 it Idx: 609, Δloglikelihood: -0.078
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: 0.163
would Idx: 2220, Δloglikelihood: 0.042
 have Idx: 783, Δloglikelihood: -0.156
 like Idx: 1469, Δloglikelihood: -0.566
ly Idx: 484, Δloglikelihood: 0.002
 crash Idx: 58507, Δloglikelihood: 1.203
ed Idx: 345, Δloglikelihood: 0.008
. Idx: 260, Δloglikelihood: -0.299
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: 0.013
Rendez Idx: 164161, Δloglikelihood: -2.563
vous Idx: 1465, Δloglikelihood: 0.006
 is Idx: 339, Δloglikelihood: -0.453

 near Idx: 9137, Δloglikelihood: 1.145
ly Idx: 484, Δloglikelihood: 0.011
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: -0.127
impossible Idx: 59579, Δloglikelihood: 0.839
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: 0.321
without Idx: 5767, Δloglikelihood: -0.148
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: -0.103
a Idx: 262, Δloglikelihood: 0.000
 computer Idx: 9711, Δloglikelihood: -0.079
. Idx: 260, Δloglikelihood: -0.298
 N Idx: 441, Δloglikelihood: 0.700
early Idx: 13439, Δloglikelihood: 0.334
 every Idx: 6338, Δloglikelihood: 0.174
 mann Idx: 55871, Δloglikelihood: -1.092
ed Idx: 345, Δloglikelihood: 0.000
 mission Idx: 32040, Δloglikelihood: -0.627
 now Idx: 2561, Δloglikelihood: -0.249
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: 0.130
uses Idx: 12483, Δloglikelihood: -0.143
 rendez Idx: 50800, Δloglikelihood: 2.936
vous Idx: 1465, Δloglikelihood: 0.001
 with Idx: 514, Δloglikelihood: -0.456
  Idx: 259, Δloglikelihood: -0.457
another Idx: 7845, Δloglikelihood: 0.312
 space Idx: 11495, Δloglikelihood: 0.070
craft Idx: 35670, Δloglikelihood: -0.045
 in Idx: 281, Δloglikelihood: 0.804
 some Idx: 2155, Δloglikelihood: -1.353

 way Idx: 3230, Δloglikelihood: -0.087
. Idx: 260, Δloglikelihood: 0.058
 If Idx: 2841, Δloglikelihood: -0.045
 you Idx: 521, Δloglikelihood: -0.094
 want Idx: 3007, Δloglikelihood: 0.423
 to Idx: 288, Δloglikelihood: -0.065
 land Idx: 6604, Δloglikelihood: 0.053
 in Idx: 281, Δloglikelihood: -0.548